En los cursos dictados en el Collège de France a partir de 1978 Michel Foucault propuso una analítica de las formas de gobierno, que aunque no estaba completamente ausente de sus trabajos anteriores, si se veía opacada por el protagonismo dado a los análisis disciplinarios. Esta analítica de las formas de gobierno consiste en mostrar cómo se construyen estrategias y racionalidades de gobierno a partir de la gestión y modulación de los procesos innatos a los individuos y los grupos gobernados. (...) Ya no se trata de entender el poder como una fuerza externa que se opone a los individuos y que opera reprimiéndolos o suprimiéndolos, sino como una estrategia que opera promoviendo procesos naturales a partir de los cuales los sujetos constituyen su identidad. (shrink)

Axel Honneth is, without a doubt, heir to a tradition of social and political thought that was decisive in the Marxist debates of the 20th century; critical theory. As an outstanding disciple of Jürgen Habermas, he denounced a sociological deficit in his teacher's theory of communicative action, while continuing a certain recovery of Hegel that Habermas made evident in his text: Work and interaction: notes on Hegelian philosophy of the Jena period (1986). Honneth deepened the Hegelian reading of Habermas, going (...) from mere reading notes to a system of understanding the social based on recognition and ethics. (shrink)

Ana se reconoció siempre por ser una mujer tranquila. Su carácter se enrarecía conforme lo hacían las melodías singulares propias de un café para intelectuales, y aunque su cotidianidad transcurría entre las fragancias de las mil y una tacitas de café y entre las plétoras discursivas de los filósofos, su vida era una vida ordinaria oscilante entre el “pajazo mental” de los pensadores que intentan reivindicar el mundo y los hombres y mujeres particulares que trabajan para pagar la hipoteca. Ana (...) era, esencialmente, el espejo de una persona ordinaria que presume de su saber y reniega de su vida. (shrink)

El texto presenta una narración cuyo tejido da cuenta de las trayectorias vitales que hacen que nos perdamos a nosotros mismos en la dinámica de la vida y, al mismo tiempo, da cuenta de la posibilidad de auto reivindicación del ser a través de la recuperación de lo que nos resulta más entrañable: el buen humor, la conversación amena, la bondad, la nobleza, el valor de las pequeñas cosas, la sencillez, el amor propio, la humanidad, la empatía, la amistad, la (...) felicidad, el amor. (shrink)

The city of Puebla was put on the UNESCO list of Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 1987; its history dates back to the sixteenth century allowing for the preservation of various important buildings, such as churches with baroque and neoclassical facades, buildings from the period known as Novo Hispanics, when some of its historic neighbourhoods were founded, including the Barrio el Refugio, hereinafter referred to as BR, where indigenous people employed in the lime manufacture used to live. Since those times, (...) however, the neighbourhood has become a place with bad reputation, “a den of thieves”. The traditional, religious commemoration, the “Fiesta Patronal de la Virgen del Refugio,” is the most important celebration in the neighbourhood. In the Church of La Virgen del Refugio, built in the seventeenth century after an inhabitant painted a mural with the image of the virgin, the “mañanitas” are sung with the Mariachi. During the patronal feast, the “El Refugio Cultural Festival” is held with more than a hundred artists taking part and creating about a thousand murals according to the organiser’s estimation. This happens in the city where a project “Puebla Ciudad Mural” was started, as an initiative of the “Colectivo Tomate,” which sought to regenerate the neighbourhood through art, in alliance with the government and private companies. However, these policies are more tourist oriented rather than benefit the neighbourhood. For this reason, the graffiti movement “Festival Cultural el Refugio” is becoming a meeting point for urban artists from Mexico and Puebla, accustomed to taking up public or private space, as they demand space where they can live and express themselves. For ten years the festival has realised more than one thousand pieces of urban art, including Wild Style graffiti, bombs, stickers, stencil, and murals. All this is done under the patronage of the artists themselves, as three hundred of them come from all over the country to take part in every edition of the festival that does not receive any government support or other form of sponsorship. (shrink)

En este artículo mi propósito es mostrar que la idea de felicidad que expone John Stuart Mill está basada en una noción de utilidad que debe entenderse en términos extensionales. Esto significa que para Mill la idea de felicidad no subordina a otros preceptos prácticos –como los de justicia y libertad–, sino que estos comprenden el conjunto de reglas que permiten su realización. Esta posición de Mill, que identifico como “utilitarismo extensional”, me permitirá indicar el rol destacado que ocupa la (...) felicidad en el contexto de su filosofía práctica. (shrink)

Ayer fue un día de fuertes revelaciones, Coco. Te las contaré si así lo quieres. Hay una mujer que seguro conoces, ella sabe de ti, es muy probable que la hayas visto también, que hayamos coincidido los tres en algún encuentro o tal vez la recuerdes por algún paso por nuestra casa. Esa mujer llegó a mi vida un poco antes que tú, te vio crecer como idea, como boceto y luego se puso feliz al ver cómo te veías con (...) tus patitas popochas y tus ojos de puntitos. También me vio escribir otros libros menos importantes, más serios. Y fue pretexto de muchas de las frases que puse a circular en internet y de un pequeño libro —Cartas para una mujer Amarilla— al que la inversión de tiempo no le hizo justicia, pese a sus seis versiones. Al parecer nunca pude desligarlo de la emoción: una catástrofe para los editores. (shrink)

A sustainable supply chain management strategy reduces risks and meets environmental, economic and social objectives by integrating environmental and financial practices. In an ever-changing environment, supply chains have become vulnerable at many levels. In a global supply chain, carefully tracing a product is of great importance to avoid future problems. This paper describes a self-updating smart contract, which includes data validation, for tracing global supply chains using blockchains. Our proposal uses a machine learning model to detect anomalies on traceable data, (...) which helps supply chain operators detect anomalous behavior at any point in the chain in real time. Hyperledger Caliper has been used to evaluate our proposal, and obtained a combined average throughput of 184 transactions per second and an average latency of 0.41 seconds, ensuring that our proposal does not negatively impact supply chain processes while improving supply chain management through data anomaly detection. (shrink)

El presente artículo plantea que el uso de la noción de hegemonía en la argumentación sobre el populismo y su capacidad democratizante en la obra de Ernesto Laclau implica un rezago antidemocrático que resta potencial emancipador y de ampliación de la participación política. La argumentación de Laclau incluye como horizonte ineludible de la articulación de un movimiento populista la formación de una hegemonía que sea capaz de disputar el poder político y que configure una ‘cadena de equivalencias’ entre ‘demandas sociales (...) insatisfechas’. En consecuencia, el presente artículo revisa dos frentes de crítica a la argumentación de Laclau sobre la hegemonía en el populismo: uno que proviene de la academia estadounidense y es liderado por Alberto Moreiras y Jon Beasly Murray y otro que viene de la sociología argentina con la interactuó Laclau: Aboy Carlés y Emilio de Ipola. El sentido de revisar estás críticas es repensar el populismo sin hegemonía para hallar un camino que supere las dificultades que desde distintos frentes se endilgan a la obra de Laclau. La hipótesis que se presenta como alternativa es que una vez desprendido de la noción de hegemonía, el populismo se puede recategorizar en torno a su capacidad de solución a demandas insatisfechas y ampliación de participación política institucional en lo que llamaré ‘populismo transformativo’. (shrink)

En este artículo se propone un desarrollo esquemático del concepto de paridad participativa de Nancy Fraser como elemento complementario a la propuesta de democratizar la democracia de Étienne Balibar que se inscribe en la dialéctica de la igualibertad como marco de interpretación de la modernidad política. Se mostrará que el neoliberalismo implica un evento particular en el desarrollo de la lucha por la igualibertad anulando el contenido insurreccional de ésta y por tanto, dificultando una perspectiva democratizadora que, en la visión (...) del autor francés, requiere recuperar la conflictividad política iniciada en la Revolución francesa en torno a la igualibertad. La paridad participativa, se argumentará, cumple los requisitos que exige la visión de Balibar y, la interpretación particular de la misma que se expondrá serviría como elementos básicos para democratizar la democracia. (shrink)

Este artículo especifica el contenido que Marx le dio al término Entäusserung, al que identificó como uno de los elementos constitutivos del trabajo humano. Su objetivo es ofrecer una explicación de la funcionalidad sistemática de Entäusserung en los Manuscritos de 1844 que permita su desambiguación y, con ello, contribuir a la especificación del origen de la propiedad privada y de la alienación (Entfremdung) que se produce a causa de esta.

There is widespread agreement that an adequate understanding of the nature of science (NOS) is a critical component of scientific literacy and a major goal in science education. However, we still do not know many specific details regarding how students and teachers learn particular aspects of NOS and what are the most important feature traits of instruction. In this context, the main objective of this review is to analyze articles from nine main science education journals that consider the teaching of (...) NOS to K-12 students, pre-service, and in-service science teachers in search of patterns in teaching and learning NOS. After reviewing 52 studies in nine journals that included data regarding participants’ views of NOS before and after an intervention, the main findings were as follows: (1) some aspects of NOS (empirical basis, observation and inference, and creativity) are easier to learn than others (tentativeness, theory and law, and social and cultural embeddedness), and subjective aspects of NOS and “the scientific method” seemed to be difficult for participants to understand; (2) the interventions most frequently lasted 5 to 8 weeks for students, one semester for pre-service teachers, and 1 year for experienced teachers; and (3) most of the interventions incorporated both decontextualized and contextualized activities. Given the substantial diversity in the methods and intervention designs used and the variables studied, it was not possible to infer a pattern of more-effective NOS teaching strategies from the reviewed studies. Future investigation should focus on (a) disentangling whether a difference exists between the easy and difficult aspects of learning NOS and formulating a theoretical explanation for distinguishing the two types of aspects and (b) assessing the effectiveness of different kinds of courses (e.g., history of science, NOS or informal) and strategies (e.g., hands-on vs. drama activities; SSI vs. HOS). (shrink)

We estimate the effect on business start-ups of a program that significantly speeds up firm registration procedures. The program was implemented in Mexico in different municipalities at different dates. Our estimates suggest that new start-ups increased by about 4% in eligible industries, and we present evidence that this is a causal effect. Most of the effect is temporary, concentrated in the first 10 months after implementation. The effect is robust to several specifications of the benchmark control group time trends. We (...) find that the program was more effective in municipalities with less corruption and cheaper additional procedures. (shrink)

Over the last few years, a new methodology to address the P versus NP problem has been developed, based on searching for borderlines between the nonefficiency of computing models and the presumed efficiency. These borderlines can be seen as frontiers of efficiency, which are crucial in this methodology. “Translating,” in some sense, an efficient solution in a presumably efficient model to an efficient solution in a nonefficient model would give an affirmative answer to problem P versus NP. In the framework (...) of Membrane Computing, the key of this approach is to detect the syntactic or semantic ingredients that are needed to pass from a nonefficient class of membrane systems to a presumably efficient one. This paper deals with tissue P systems with communication rules of type symport/antiport allowing the evolution of the objects triggering the rules. In previous works, frontiers of efficiency were found in these kinds of membrane systems both with division rules and with separation rules. However, since they were not optimal, it is interesting to refine these frontiers. In this work, optimal frontiers of the efficiency are obtained in terms of the total number of objects involved in the communication rules used for that kind of membrane systems. These optimizations could be easier to translate, if possible, to efficient solutions in a nonefficient model. (shrink)

En los pueblos indígenas de México existen mecanismos de toma de decisión y participación que contribuyen al logro del bienestar común. Estos procesos constituyen parte del espacio público para resolver sus problemas y a través de ellos se reafirman la pertenencia e identidad que fortalecen las relaciones sociales, políticas, económicas y culturales de los miembros de la comunidad. La forma en que se manifiesta esta reafirmación es por medio de la participación en el trabajo comunitario, el sistema de cargos y (...) las asambleas comunitarias. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, con la intervención de las políticas públicas de los distintos órdenes de gobierno y la inclusión de estos pueblos en los procesos políticos, en la búsqueda de una mayor participación ciudadana y el ejercicio de sus derechos civiles en un contexto democrático, han modificado las reglas de convivencia afectando estos mecanismos que son la base de la estructura comunitaria. (shrink)

Enrique Gómez Arboleya chose as the subject for his doctoral thesis the study of Hermann Heller's theoretical proposals. This research was done in Nazi Germany to be read in the Republican Spain of 1935, but was not published until 1940, after the Civil War. The present article seeks to compare the 1935 original version, until now unknown, with that subsequently published in 1940, while at the same time assessing these works for the Spain of that time and for the (...) author.s intellectual production. In spite of the radically opposed historical and personal circumstances of the writing and publication, the differences are not so great because the author limits himself to setting out the thought of the German theorist without evaluating it. Nevertheless, these works are a good introduction to Heller's thought, despite certain gaps and the iusnaturalist nuances added in the 1940 version, and open up the sociological and humanist path that would mark Gómez Arboleya's intellectual trajectory. (shrink)

Technical and tactical actions are decisive in terms of badminton player competitive performance. The main objective of this research was to design, validate, and estimate the reliability of an observational instrument for the analysis of the tactical and technical actions in individual badminton. The process was carried out in four different steps: first, there was a review of the scientific literature and a preliminary list of variables was made; second, a qualitative and quantitative assessment was completed by 10 badminton expert (...) judges; in the third step, the content validity was estimated using Aiken’s V coefficient; finally, intra-observer reliability and interobserver reliability were tested by two observers specialized in badminton using the Cohen’s Kappa coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient. Strokes were used as the unit of measure by our observational instrument; every time badminton players hit the shuttlecock, 22 variables are observed. The minimum Aiken’s value was 0.58, and reliability was 0.63. In spite of these values, none of the variables had to be removed, but there were modifications in terms of drafting in some of them. The main findings confirmed the validity and the usefulness of this instrument. (shrink)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuromuscular response to an agility and repeated sprint ability test according to the level of competition in futsal players. A total of 33 players from two elite teams and one amateur team participated in the study. The participants completed an agility t-test, a 30 m-speed test, and a RSA test. A countermovement jump test and a tensiomyography test of the rectus femoris and biceps femoris of both legs were carried out before (...) and after the tests. RSA test revealed better sprint times in elite players compared to amateurs in the seven bouts, as well as in the 30 m sprint and in the agility test. In conclusion, elite players showed greater performance in the RSA test, in the 30 m tests and in the agility test compared to amateur players. The contractile properties were not a key factor in the RSA performance of the futsal players. (shrink)

Spanish culture has recently shown interest about Neuroethics, a new line of research and reflection. It can be said that two general, and somewhat opposing, perspectives are currently being developed in Spain about neuroethics-related topics. One originates from the neuroscientific field and the other from the philosophical field. We will see, throughout this article, that the Spanish authors, who I am going to select here, deal with very diverse neuroethical topics and that they analyse them from different intellectual assumptions. However, (...) I consider that there is one constant concern, which emerges extensively or briefly in each one of the books that I am going to present. I am referring to the problem of freedom. Spanish neuroscientists, in general, stress and accept the new determinism that emanates from recent research about the brain, whilst those who engage in the study of philosophy usually point in their texts to the limitations of empirical research that purport to "demonstrate" the new neurological determinism. I will dedicate the last section, which is more extensive in length, to the work that I consider the most valuable, at least until the present day, and whose title is Neuroética y Neuropolítica (Tecnos, Madrid, 2011). Professor Adela Cortina (chair of Moral Philosophy at Valencia University and member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Moral and Political Science) is its author. But, firstly, I am going to refer to the works written by neuroscientists, and then to those written by philosophers. This will enable us to obtain a global view of the neuroethics models that are being constructed in Spain. (shrink)

This article explores the usefulness of Latin American philosopher Enrique Dussel's work for film-philosophy, as the field increasingly engages with a world of cinemas. The piece concludes with an analysis of two films with an ecological focus, Trolljegeren/Troll Hunter (2010) and The Hunter (2011). They are indicative of a much broader emerging trend in ecocinema that explores the interaction between humanity and the environment in relation to world history, and which does so by staging encounters between people and those (...) ‘nonhuman’ aspects of the Earth excluded by coloniality/modernity (e.g. animals, animal-spirits, mythological creatures, shaman, the very Earth itself). The interdisciplinary concerns of this work place it at the intersection of the latest research into a world of cinemas (in particular the various moves to understand films beyond the national paradigm now increasingly labelled the ‘transnational turn’; alongside growing concerns with how cinema helps us engage with ecology); and the need to broaden our philosophical grasp of the world. This latter point requires engagement with thinkers from beyond the Eurocentric canon of Western thought that currently dominates philosophy, and equally shapes film-philosophy. Dussel's philosophy is shown to provide a perspective capable of illuminating the intertwined nature of human and planetary history evident in these films, in a manner that is extremely pertinent to our global situation. Thus it is shown to be more useful than approaches to similar groupings of films which draw on, for example, speculative realism, when it comes to providing a cine-ethics appropriate to the Anthropocene. (shrink)

El mundo del ensueño y el mundo de la vigilia raras veces se oponen o se excluyen de manera tajante; más bien, una de las características de tal relación es la posibilidad de una inminente irrupción de uno en el otro. La tesis general de este artículo es que la tradición filosófica de Aristóteles a Husserl no cuenta con una orientación para acceder al fenómeno de los sueños que no privilegie la vigilia. Esta dificultad está detrás de una serie de (...) problemas y paradojas que se pueden explicitar ejemplarmente mediante una aproximación a la teoría aristotélica sobre el dormir (hýpnon) y el soñar (enýpnion), en los tres tratados dedicados al tema en Parva naturalia. La tematización aristotélica es analizada y criticada de cara a una posible fenomenología de los sueños, de la cual ya hay algunos vestigios en Husserl y Heidegger, pero que se desarrolló sistemáticamente en Fink. El artículo propone que al reelaborar las “piezas faltantes” del acercamiento aristotélico, así como la prioridad que la primera persona tiene en la fenomenología, sería posible abrir una vía de exploración que lleve a pensar el sueño en la realidad de su efectuación concreta. Este enfoque permite evidenciar tres requerimientos fundamentales para pensar la fenomenalización del ensueño, a saber: el entrecruzarse de los mundos de la vigilia y del ensueño, la maximización y la móvil ordenación de las sensaciones durante el sueño y, finalmente, el afloramiento del reino afectivo. Estos tres fondos problemáticos ponen sobre la mesa la pregunta por los límites de la manifestación (de los ensueños) y, en ese sentido, abren un posible diálogo con la fenomenología francesa contemporánea. (shrink)